Interaction: trade, invasion, religious diffusion. 

 Muslim expansion: 7th, 8th centuries: West feared Muslim expansion. 
 Christian expansion:  11th to 13th centuries: Muslims feared Western expansion. 
 Ottoman expansion: 14th to 16th centuries: West feared Muslim Turk expansion. 
 Western expansion: 19th to 20th centuries: European imperialism and colonialism: complete with creation of a modern European state in the middle of the mulsim middle east: Israel in 1948. Most of what the west thinks about this conditioned by a) its own colonial agenda, and b) the Israelis. 

Islam: one god, one community; protection and help for the poor and weak, all equal; revealed (god sent message to prophet Mohammed; written Quran); State and religion together; law was religious law and thus unified politically, economically, culturally. No secularization; prayerful. Succession crisis split Sunnis from Shi'ites, breaking the unity of the original community. (Later Sufi mysticism also a rift) 

Islam expansion 800-1000: nomad military warriors from Arabia spurred by the unifying religion and plunder into weaker areas, esp the declining Byzantine and Persian empires. Palestine, Syria, Iraq, Egypt, Persia, Byzantines, Spain and India by early 700s; 

The world's largest empire: 10th century:Baghdad; rich, prosperous; commerce, science & technology, philosophy, foods; cultural synthesis & transmission westward of many of the innovations of the east: paper, shipbuilding, navigation, mapping; and eastward of the like from Egypt, Greece, Syria, Persia: medicine, math, astronomy; Arabic numerals are really from India via Islamic Spain; 

Beginning in tenth century: Arab-dominated Muslim empire with Baghdad at center breaks up into different states; Muslim political unity declines as religion continues to spread, mostly thru trade; 
 By 1500, three other empires arise: Persian Safavid empire, the Mughal in India, and, as Baghdad captured in 1055 by the Muslim Seljuk Turks; who expanded into Anatolia against the Byzantine empire, a and culminated in the Ottoman empire. 

Mongol invasions of the 13th century from central Asia; nomadic, tribal; established the Mongol peace, but tended to destroy civilizatons and the irrigation agriculture the state needed for tribute, before settling down and becoming assimilated into local muslim cultures. 

Christian invasions of the 11th, 12th, 13th centuries; Spain, Sicily, Palestine; the Western popes declared the crusades to rescue "Christian" territory from non-christians. Crusaders 
didn't establish lasting states, but did bring information, crops from more civilized areas. 

1000-1500 different areas predominant, different military leaders controlled. but the Islamic social order and cultural uniformity prevailed, united by vigorous trade, religion, religious law (Shariah) and social practice; religious educational neetwork led by ulama; Sufi spiritualism, shrines, preaching, and pilgrimages; religious thought had, by the 11th century excluded independent thinking religious or otherwise, in favor of memorizing the Quran and the Shariah; 
 

Stav: Ch 6:  16th, 17th Ottoman empire: 1453 defeats Byzantine Constantinople: Ottoman: like other Muslim empires: large, powerful, diverse, center for Eur-Asia-Africa trade; self-contined economically, peasants better off; successful by its own definitions; 

But it weakened and ultimately fell by WWI; internal and external weaknesses explain the vulnerability: remember Aztecs, Incas. 

Why was the Ottoman Empire vulnerable to Western capitalism in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?

1) Internal weaknesses:

static economy

political integration (p. 126)

nature of the Sultanate: decentralized culturally, loosely organized politically, state a veneer at the top; ruling class Muslim; loyal to sultan;

no enlightenment, no scientific revolution; no separation of Church and State; no interest in technological applications;

role of merchant class small, unimportant; no hereditary nobility; timars returned to sultan; no feudalism

military strength

revolutionary nationalism (p. 129)

External pressures on Ottoman Empire

capitulatory treaties: foreign merchants privileges, exemptions transfer of privileges to Ottoman nationals; protective tariff; outright control by foreign merchants; intrusions of western trade put economy in control of foreigners

a) extraterritorality

b) exemption from internal taxes

c) forced lowering of import and export taxes PREVENTED PROTECTIONISM

diversion of transit trade (chart p. 152); Ottomans dependent on overland transit trade at a time when trade centers shifted from Mediterranean (Levant to Persia to China) to Atlantic and around Cape:

Western merchants took over Italian trade: Atlantic economy: bullion, strong markets, military goods, impact of western manufactured goods (p. 133) artisans displaced by foreign goods inflation and bullion flow (p. 134) fiscal crisis, tax farmers, armed violence, corruption, peasant rights diminished: they migrate to cities or are enserfed local industry suppressed plantation farming: serfdom imposed to increse productivity in ag export sector revolutionary nationalism from Europe social disruption: timar system disintegrated, artisans destroyed; corruption, banditry.

The power of western states listed p. 126: compare to Ottoman nation states: absolute monarchy rather than empire; political integration rather than loosely organized; rise of independent, secularized middle class; secularized rather than religious state: separation of Church and state in West; also iinterest in science and technology; literacy, mass culture, mass politics; cultural integration; superior military strength

3) finally, for the Ottomans military defeat, annexation