NPA

 

 

(Pinyin + Vowels)

Pinyin

 

bo

chi

ci

de

fo

ge

he

ji

ke

 le

 mo

ne

po

qi

ri

shi

si

te

xi

zhi

zi

 

 

IPA

b

tʂʰ

tsʰ |

ts'

t |

d

f

g

h

tɕ |
dzi

kʰ

l

m

n

pʰ

tɕʰ |

tɕ'

ʐ |

ɹ

ʂ | ʃɹ

s

tʰ |

t'

ɕ

tʂ|zɹ| dʒɹ

ts|dz

| dz

NPA in

Iso-

lation:

 

 

 

tʂʰʐ    

 tsʰz̩ |

tsʰɯ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ʐ

ʂʐ

sz̩

 

 

tʂʐ

dzz̩

a

a

ba

tʂʰa

tsʰa

da

fa

ga

ha

 

kʰa

la

ma

na

pʰa

 

 

ʂa

sa

tʰa

 

tʂa

dzɑ

ai

ai

bai

tʂʰai

tsʰai

dai

 

gai

hai

 

kʰai

lai

mai

nai

pʰai

 

 

ʂai

sai

tʰai

 

tʂai

dzai

an

ɑn

bɑn

tʂʰɑn

tsʰɑn

dɑn

fɑn

gɑn

hɑn

 

kʰɑn

lɑn

mɑn

nɑn

pʰɑn

 

ɹɑn

ʂɑn

sɑn

tʰɑn

 

tʂɑn

dzɑn

ang

ɑŋ

bɑŋ

tʂʰɑŋ

tsʰɑŋ

dɑŋ

fɑŋ

gɑŋ

hɑŋ

 

kʰɑŋ

lɑŋ

mɑŋ

nɑŋ

pʰɑŋ

 

ɹɑŋ

ʂɑŋ

sɑŋ

tʰɑŋ

 

tʂɑŋ

dzɑŋ

ao

au|ɑʊ

bɑʊ

tʂʰɑʊ

tsʰɑʊ

dɑʊ

 

gɑʊ

hɑʊ

 

kʰɑʊ

lɑʊ

mɑʊ

nɑʊ

pʰɑʊ

 

ɹɑʊ

ʂɑʊ

sɑʊ

tʰɑʊ

 

tʂɑʊ

dzɑʊ

e

ɜ | ə

 

tʂʰə

 

də

 

gə

hə

 

kʰə

lə

mə

nə

 

 

ɹə

ʂə

sə

tʰə

 

tʂə

dzə

ê

ε

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

nε

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ei

ei

bei

 

 

dei

fei

gei

hei

 

kʰei

lei

mei

nei

pʰei

 

 

ʂei

sei

 

 

tʂei

dzei

en

ən

bən

tʂʰən

 

dən

fən

gən

hən

 

kʰən

 

mən

nən

pʰən

 

ɹən

ʂən

sən

 

 

tʂən

dzən

eng

əŋ

bəŋ

tʂʰəŋ

tsʰəŋ

dəŋ

fəŋ

gəŋ

həŋ

 

kʰəŋ

ləŋ

məŋ

nəŋ

pʰəŋ

 

ɹəŋ

ʂəŋ

səŋ

tʰəŋ

 

tʂəŋ

dzəŋ

-er

ɚ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

o

ɔ

 

 

tsʰɔ

 

fɔ

 

 

 

 

lɔ

mɔ

 

pʰɔ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-ou

ɔu

 

tʂʰɔu

tsʰɔu

dɔu

fɔu

gɔu

hɔu

 

kʰɔu

lɔu

mɔu

nɔu

pʰɔu

 

ɹɔu

ʂɔu

sɔu

tʰɔu

 

tʂɔu

dzɔu

yi

i

bi

 

 

di

 

 

 

tɕi

 

li

mi

ni

pʰi

tɕʰi

 

 

 

tʰi

ɕi

 

 

ㄧㄚ Ya ja                                          

ㄧㄚ

ya

ia

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

tɕia

 

lia

 

nia

 

tɕʰia

 

 

 

 

ɕia

 

 

ㄧㄢ

Yan

jɛn

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

ㄧㄢ

-ian

iɛn

biɛn

 

 

diɛn

 

 

 

tɕiɛn

 

liɛn

miɛn

niɛn

pʰiɛn

tɕʰiɛn

 

 

 

tʰiɛn

ɕiɛn

 

 

ㄧㄤ

Yang

jaŋ

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

ㄧㄤ

-iang

iaŋ

 

 

 

diaŋ

 

 

 

tɕiaŋ

 

liaŋ

 

niaŋ

 

tɕʰiaŋ

 

 

 

 

ɕiaŋ

 

 

ㄧㄠ

Yao

jɑu

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

ㄧㄠ

-iao

iau | iao

biau

 

 

diau

fiau

 

 

tɕiau

 

liau

miau

niau

pʰiau

tɕʰiau

 

 

 

tʰiau

ɕiau

 

 

ㄧㄝ

Ye

jɛ

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

ㄧㄝ

-ie

iɛ

biɛ

 

 

diɛ

 

 

 

tɕiɛ

 

liɛ

miɛ

niɛ

pʰiɛ

tɕʰiɛ

 

 

 

tʰiɛ

ɕiɛ

 

 

ㄧㄣ

yin

in | ɪn

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

tɕɪn

 

lɪn

mɪn

nɪn

pʰɪn

tɕʰɪn

 

 

 

 

ɕɪn

 

 

ㄧㄥ

ying

i ŋ | ɪŋ

bɪŋ

 

 

dɪŋ

 

 

 

tɕɪŋ

 

lɪŋ

mɪŋ

nɪŋ

pʰɪŋ

tɕʰɪŋ

 

 

 

tʰɪŋ

ɕɪŋ

 

 

ㄧㄡ

You

jɔu

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

ㄧㄡ

-iu

iɔu | iu

 

 

 

diu

 

 

 

tɕiɔu

 

liɔu

miɔu

niɔu

 

tɕʰiɔu

 

 

 

 

ɕiɔu

 

 

ㄨㄚ

Wa

wɑ

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

ㄨㄚ

-ua

ua | uɑ

 

 

tʂʰua

 

 

 

 

gua

hua

 

kʰua

 

 

 

 

 

 

ʂua

 

 

 

tʂua

 

ㄨㄥ

Weng

wʌŋ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ㄨㄥ

-ong

ʊŋ

 

tʂʰʊŋ

tsʰʊŋ

dʊŋ

 

gʊŋ

hʊŋ

 

kʰʊŋ

lʊŋ

 

nʊŋ

 

 

 

ʂʊŋ

sʊŋ

tʰʊŋ

 

tʂʊŋ

dzʊŋ

Wu

wu

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

-u

u

bu

tʂʰu

tsʰu

du

fu

gu

hu

 

kʰu

lu

mu

nu

pʰu

 

ɹu

ʂu

su

tʰu

 

tʂu

dzu

ㄨㄞ

Wai

wai

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

ㄨㄞ

-uai

uai

 

tʂʰuai

 

 

 

guai

huai

 

kʰuai

 

 

 

 

 

 

ʂuai

 

 

 

tʂuai

 

ㄨㄢ

Wan

wan

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

ㄨㄢ

-uan

uan

 

tʂʰuan

tsʰuan

duan

 

guan

huan

 

kʰuan

luan

 

nuan

 

 

ɹuan

ʂuan

suan

tʰuan

 

tʂuan

dzuan

ㄨㄤ

Wang

waŋ

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

ㄨㄤ

-uang

uaŋ

 

tʂʰuaŋ

 

 

 

guaŋ

huaŋ

 

kʰuaŋ

 

 

 

 

 

 

ʂuaŋ

 

 

 

tʂuaŋ

 

ㄨㄟ

Wei

wei

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

ㄨㄟ

-u(e)i

uei

 

tʂʰuei

tsʰuei

duei

 

guei

huei

 

kʰuei

 

 

 

 

 

ɹuei

ʂuei

suei

tʰuei

 

tʂuei

dzuei

ㄨㄣ

Wen

wən

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

ㄨㄣ

-un

ʊn

 

tʂʰʊn

tsʰʊn

dʊn

 

gʊn

xʊn

 

kʰʊn

lʊn

 

nʊn

 

 

ɹʊn

ʂʊn

sʊn

tʰʊn

 

tʂʊn

dzʊn

ㄨㄛ

Wo

wɔ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ㄨㄛ

-uo

uɔ

 

tʂʰuɔ

tsʰuɔ

duɔ

 

guɔ

xuɔ

 

kʰuɔ

luɔ

 

nuɔ

 

 

ɹuɔ

ʂuɔ

suɔ

tʰuɔ

 

tʂuɔ

dzuɔ

ㄩㄥ

Yong

jʊŋ

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

ㄩㄥ

-iong

 iʊŋ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

tɕiyŋ

 

 

 

 

 

tɕʰiyŋ

 

 

 

 

ɕiyŋ

 

 

yu

y

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

tɕy

 

ly

 

ny

 

tɕʰy

 

 

 

 

ɕy

 

 

ㄩㄢ

Yuan

ɥan | ɥɛn

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

ㄩㄢ

-uan

yan | yɛn

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

tɕyɛn

 

lyɛn

 

 

 

tɕʰyɛn

 

 

 

 

ɕyɛn

 

 

ㄩㄝ

Yue

ɥɛ

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

ㄩㄝ

-ue

yɛ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

tɕyɛ

 

lyɛ

 

nyɛ

 

tɕʰyɛ

 

 

 

 

ɕyɛ

 

 

ㄩㄣ

Yun

ɥn

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

ㄩㄣ

-un

yn

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

tɕyn

 

lyn

 

 

 

tɕʰyn

 

 

 

 

ɕyn

 

 

The symbols "ɹ" and "ʐ"are alternative ways of recording the same basic sound. Capitalized pinyin spellings indicate the sound noted without any preceding consonant. (In some cases words beginning with vowel letters are consonantized.) Underlined letters such as "g" are voiceless. In proper IPA symbols they would be written with a small circle below (or above in the case of "g").

 

Vowels have been added to the pinyin romanizations in the second row because the NPA symbols for consonants are read with following vowel sounds (just as "B" in English is read as "bee"). The recorded sounds read the NPA symbols, i.e., they supply the appropriate vowels.

 

The "consonantized" vowel sounds (e.g., the capitalized pinyin vs. the uncapitalized pinyin, Yong is "consonantized," but "-iong" is not) are made with a very tight constriction of the air path at the start of the syllable. In English it would be the difference between "Woo" and "oops."

 

Examples of words commonly mispronounced:

 

"Shih Tzu" (Wade-Giles romanization) is ʂʐ dzz̩ (Click to hear this word.)

"Beijing" (Pinyin romanization) is bei tɕɪŋ, (Click to hear this word.)

 

Good IPA sound clips are available on-line.

 

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