See Political Cartoons Bibliography

Alisky, M. (1990). White House wit: Presidential humor to sustain policies, from Lincoln to Reagan. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 20, 373-382.

Amundson, D., & Lichter, S. R. (1988). Heeeeeere's politics. Public Opinion, 11, 46-47.

Barney, T. (2001). Celebrity, spectacle, and the conspiracy culture of election 2000. American Behavioral Scientist, 44, 2231-2237.

Baum, M. A. (2005). Talking the vote: Why presidential candidates hit the talk show circuit. Journal of Consumer Research, 8, 11-22.

Baym, G. (2007). Representation and the politics of play: Stephen Colbert's Better Know a District. Political Communication, 24, 359-376.

Baym, G. (2005). The Daily Show: Discursive integration and the reinvention of political journalism. Political Communication, 22, 259-276.

Becker, A. B., & Waisanen, D. J. (2013). From funny features to entertaining effects: Connecting approaches to communication research on political comedy. Review of Communication, 13, 161-183.

Bennett, W. L. (2007). Relief in hard times: A defense of Jon Stewart's comedy in and age of cynicism. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 24, 278-283.

Boskin, J. (1990). American political humor: Touchables and taboos. International Political Science Review, 11, 473-482.

Crawford, C. B. (1999). Analysis of humor in the 1992 presidential debates. Perception and Motor Skills, 88, 417-420.

Feldman, L. & Young, D. G. (2008). Late-night comedy as a gateway to traditional news: An analysis of time trends in news attention among late-night comedy viewers during the 2004 presidential primaries. Political Communication, 25, 401-422.  

Fox, J. R., Koloen, G. & Sahin (2007). No Joke: A comparison of substance in The Daily Show with Jon Stewart and broadcast network television coverage of the 2004 presidential election campaign. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 51, 213-227.

Hariman, R. (2008). Political parody and public culture. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 94, 247-272.

Hariman, R. (2007). In defense of Jon Stewart. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 24, 273-277.

Hart, R. P., & Hartelius, E. J. (2007). The political sins of Jon Stewart. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 24, 263-272.

Hollander, B. A. (2005). Late-night learning: Do entertainment programs increase political campaign knowledge for young viewers? Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 49, 402-415.

Jones, J. P. (2004). Entertaining politics: New political television and civic culture. New York: Rowman Littlefield.

LaMarre, H. L., Landerreville, K. D. Young, D. & Gilkerson, N. (2014). Humor works in funny ways: examining satirical tone as a key determinant in political humor message processing. Mass Communication & Society, 17, 400-423.

Landreville, K. D., Holbert R. L., & and LaMarre, H. L. (2010). The influence of late night TV comedy viewing on political talk: A moderated mediation model. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 15, 482–498.

May, A. L. (2010). Who Tube? How YouTube’s news and politics space is going mainstream. International Journal of Press/Politics, 15, 499 –511.

Meyer, J.  (1990). Ronald Reagan and humor: A politician's velvet weapon. Communication Studies, 41, 76-88.

Martin, D. M. (2004). Balancing on the poltical high wire: The role of humor in the rhetoric of Ann Richards. Southern Communication Journal, 69, 273-288.

Nilson, D. L. F. (1990). The social functions of political humor. Journal of popular culture, 24, 35-47.

Nitz, M., Cypher, A., Reichert, T., & Mueller, J. E. (2003). Candidates as comedy: Political presidential humor on late-night television shows. In L. L Kaid, J. C. Tedesco, D. G. Bystrom, & M. S. McKinney (Eds.) The millennium election: Communication in the 2000 campaign (pp. 165-175) . New York: Rowman & Littlefield.

Niven, D., Lichter, S. R., & Amundson (2003). The political content of late night comedy. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 8, 118-133.

Paletz, D. L. (1990). Political humor and authority: From support to subversion. International political science review, 11, 483-493.

Richardson, G. W., Jr., & Jasperson, A. E. (2001, San Francisco). Connecting with what's inside of peoples' heads: Humor and culture in political advertising. Paper prepared for delivery at the 2001 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association

Robertson, T. (2003). Humor and mediated messages: How the press used humor in the portrayal of presidential images in the 2000 election. Carolinas Communication Annual, 19, 53-67.

Schultz, D. A. (2004). From saxophones to Schwarzenegger: Entertainment politics on late-night television. In D. A. Schultz (Ed.) Lights, camera, campaign! Media, politics, and political advertising (pp. 215-237). NY: Peter Lang Publishing.

Sella, M. (2000, Sept.). the stiff guy versus the dumb guy: The power and prejudice of political comedy. New York Times Magazine, 72-82, 102.

Shields, M. (1987). Political humor: Who are all these jokers? Public Opinion, , 15-17.

Smith, C., & Voth, B. (2002). The role of humor in political argument: How "strategery" and "lockboxes" changed a political campaign. Argumentation and Advocacy, 39, 110-129.

Speier, H. & Jackall, R. (1998). Wit and politics: An essay on laughter and power. American Journal of Sociology, 103, 1352-1401.

van Zoonen, L.(2004). Entertaining the citizen: When politics and popular culture converge. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.

van Zoonen, L., Muller, F., Alinejad, D., Dekker, M., Duits, L., van Romondt Vis, P. & Wittenberg, W. (2007). Dr. Phil meets the candidates: How family life and personal experience produce political discussions. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 24, 322-338.

Warnick, B. (1998). Appearance or reality? Political parody on the Web in campaign '96. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 15, 306-324.

Yarwood, D. L. (2004). When Congress makes a joke: Congressional humor then and now. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.

Young, D. G. (2006). Late-night comedy and the salience of the candidates' caricatured traits in the 2000 election, Mass Communication & Society, 9, 339-366.

Young, D. G. (2004). Late-night comedy in election 2000: Its influence on candidate trait ratings and the moderating of political knowledge and partisanship. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 48, 1-22.